Roll-on/Roll-off (RoRo) shipping is a method of transporting wheeled cargo, such as cars, trucks, trailers, and railroad cars, where the cargo is driven or towed onto and off the ship via ramps. This eliminates the need for cranes or other lifting equipment. RoRo is distinct from LoLo (Lift-on/Lift-off) shipping, which uses cranes for loading and unloading.

RoRo vessels come in various types, each designed to accommodate specific cargo:

• Pure Car Carriers (PCC): Designed exclusively for transporting cars. They have multiple decks and adjustable spaces to maximize vehicle capacity.
• Pure Car and Truck Carriers (PCTC): Similar to PCCs but can transport a mix of cars and trucks, with higher decks to accommodate larger vehicles.
• ConRo Vessels: Hybrid vessels that carry both vehicles (RoRo) and containers. Container stacking occurs on the upper decks, while vehicle storage is below deck.
• RoPax Vessels: Combine vehicle transport with passenger accommodation and are often used as ferries.
• RoLo Vessels: Hybrid vessels with ramps for vehicle decks and crane-accessible cargo decks.
• LMSR: Large, Medium-Speed Roll-on/Roll-off vessels used by the Military Sealift Command.

• Efficiency: Faster loading and unloading compared to other methods, reducing port turnaround times.
• Safety: Reduces the risk of damage to cargo as vehicles are driven on and off the ship, minimizing the need for lifting.
• Versatility: Accommodates a wide range of wheeled cargo, including cars, trucks, heavy machinery, and oversized items.
• Cost-Effectiveness: Often more affordable than container shipping, especially when transporting vehicles.
• Simplicity: Straightforward loading and unloading process simplifies logistics and reduces errors.
• Reduced Cargo Handling: Minimizes the risk of accidents and damage during port operations.
• Schedules: RoRo services often operate on fixed, predictable schedules.

• Port Availability: Not all ports are equipped to handle RoRo vessels, which require specialized facilities.
• Security: Vehicles are exposed to the elements and potential theft during transit.
• Regulations: Compliance with international shipping regulations can be complex.
• Market Fluctuations: Demand is influenced by global economic conditions and industry-specific factors.
• Higher On/Pre-Carriage Costs: RoRo vessels call at fewer ports compared to container vessels, potentially increasing transportation costs to and from ports.
• Less Frequent Port Calls: RoRo vessels typically have fewer sailings per month compared to container vessels.

RoRo cargo is typically measured in lanes in meters (LIMs), calculated by multiplying the cargo length in meters by the number of decks and the width in lanes. Car carriers often measure capacity in RT or RT43 units or car-equivalent units (CEU).

• Cargo Preparation: Ensure the vehicle is in acceptable condition, remove personal belongings, and clean the vehicle to meet biosecurity standards.
• Documentation: Prepare necessary documents such as the vehicle title, bill of sale, passport, and bill of lading.
• Safety: Proper securing of cargo is crucial; trained personnel should handle vehicle securing, and cargo should be stowed to prevent movement.
• Cost Factors: Costs depend on the cargo's weight/measure, complexity of the move, and ocean transportation rates.
• Insurance: Securing insurance coverage is highly recommended to protect against potential damage or loss during transit.

• Electric Vehicles (EVs): The increasing demand for EVs impacts RoRo carriers, requiring adaptations for safe transport due to battery safety and fire hazards.
• Sustainability: The RoRo shipping industry is focusing on reducing its environmental impact through improved vessel design, alternative fuels, and eco-friendly practices.
• Digitalization: Digital platforms are streamlining operations, enhancing communication, and improving real-time tracking in RoRo logistics.
• Chinese Exports: Surging car exports from China are impacting global RoRo volumes, particularly on China-Europe routes.

Key companies in the RoRo shipping industry include:

• Wallenius Wilhelmsen
• Höegh Autoliners
• K Line
• NYK RORO
• Grimaldi Group
• American Roll-On Roll-Off Carrier (ARC)
• Eukor Car Carriers
• MOL
• Sallaum Lines

1. Booking and Documentation: Book cargo space and prepare shipping documents.
2. Delivery to Port: Deliver the cargo to the port of origin.
3. Inspection and Loading: Inspect the cargo and drive it onto the RoRo vessel.
4. Sea Transit: The vessel sails to the destination port.
5. Unloading and Collection: Unload the cargo and collect it from the port.
6. Documentation Handover: Shipping documents are provided to the consignee.
7. Customs Clearance: Clear the cargo through customs.